The difference between radiation and radioactivity

The difference between radiation and radioactivity
Radioactivity and radiation are often used interchangeably, but they describe different (yet related) processes.

But before going into this difference, it’s useful to understand what atoms are and a few concepts about how they behave.

An atom is the smallest particle that can be described as a chemical. Smaller particles aren’t chemicals in the same way that wheels, windscreens and seats aren’t cars – they are parts of them, but you need a few to make the whole.

At the center of each atom is a nucleus, containing a number of protons (positively charged particles). The number of protons determines what chemical the atom is. All carbon nuclei contain six protons – it is what defines them as carbon nuclei. The nucleus also contains a number of neutrons (particle with no charge). Atoms of the same chemical can have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same chemical with different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes.

Surrounding the nucleus are very small negatively charged particles called electrons. These are held in place (called orbitals) by their attraction to the positively charged nucleus. An atom contains as many electrons as protons. Adding or removing an electron from the atom results in a charged particle, called an ion. Ions can react very differently to atoms. A chlorine atom is very reactive and dangerous; a chloride ion is part of table salt. This becomes important when talking about ionizing radiation later.

So, what is radioactivity?

Radioactivity is the term given to the breaking-up (decay) or rearrangement of an atom’s nucleus. Decay occurs naturally and spontaneously to unstable nuclei. This instability is usually caused by a mismatch between the number of protons and neutrons.

Radioactive decay can occur in several ways, with the more common ones being:

- Spontaneous fission: also known as “splitting the atom” as the nucleus breaks into two parts
- Neutron release: a neutron is ejected from the core of the atom
- Alpha decay: the nucleus releases an alpha particle (a helium-4 nucleus) consisting of two neutrons and two protons
- Beta decay: the nucleus ejects an electron (or a positron).
Note: this is not the same as an electron being removed from orbitals around the nucleus
- Gamma decay: the protons and neutrons within the nucleus rearrange into a more stable form, and energy is emitted as a gamma ray.
Neutron release, alpha and beta decay are all accompanied by the release of a particle. It is the particle (or the gamma ray in gamma decay) that is the “radiation” associated with radioactivity.

What is a ‘half-life’?

Let’s say we have 4,000 coins and we want to flip them all, which will take (for the sake of the argument) one minute. All of those that land heads are thrown away. By the law of averages, we should have 2,000 coins (half) remaining. If we then take another minute to flip all of those coins and discard the heads, we will be left with 1,000 coins. And again, taking another minute to flip the 1,000 coins, we will be left with 500 coins.

You’ll notice we take the same length of time to flip all the coins, no matter how many of them there are.

In the case of radioactivity, this time is not an artificial constraint, but a fundamental property of each nucleus – that in a given time, it has a 50/50 chance of spontaneously decaying. The name given to the length of time it takes for half the atoms in a sample to decay is called the “half-life”.

If a material has a long half-life (such as uranium-238’s 4.5 billion years half-life – about the age of the Earth), it is not very radioactive. A material with a short half-life (polonium-210’s 138 days) is very radioactive.

What’s the difference between radioactivity and radiation?

Radiation is the term given to a travelling particle or wave and can be split into three main types:

- Non-ionizing radiation: essentially the low-energy parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This includes all the light you see, radio waves (also known as microwaves – as in the oven) and infrared (“heat” radiation). Ultra violet falls into the high energy end of this category.
- Ionizing radiation: radiation that can remove an electron from its orbital.
Neutrons: free neutron particles that can collide with other atoms.
- Non-ionizing radiation is mostly damaging in obvious ways. Exposure to microwaves or infrared waves causes susceptible materials to heat up. Alternatively, ionizing radiation can be less obvious but, by changing an atom into a more reactive ion, can create longer lasting damage.

Ionizing radiation falls into two main forms:

- High-energy electromagnetic radiation: including X-ray and gamma rays
- Particle radiation: alpha and beta particles.
These different forms of ionizing radiation differ in their capacity to do damage and their ability to penetrate materials.

All of these forms of radioactivity and radiation are naturally occurring. They make up what is known as background radiation.

Radiation dose chart:
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
Source:
http://theconversation.com/explainer-the-difference-between-radiation-and-radioactivity-20014
Image via reddit